ESPOSITO Surname Meaning and Origin

ESPOSITO Surname Meaning and Origin The basic Italian family name Esposito was a last name usually given to youngsters in Italy (before its unification in 1861) who were deserted or surrendered for appropriation by their folks. The name gets from the Latinâ expositus, the past participle of the Latin verbâ exponere, which intends to put outside. The Esposito last name is particularly pervasive in the Naples locale of Italy. Substitute Surname Spellings: ESPOSTI, ESPOSTO, ESPOSTI, DEGLI ESPOSTI, SPOSITO Last name Origin: Italian Celebrated People Raffaele Esposito is pastry specialist ascribed with first making the cutting edge pizza. Parentage Resources As opposed to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as an Espositoâ family peak or escutcheon for the Esposito surname. Coats of arms are conceded to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized distinctly by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the emblem was initially allowed. In the event that youre keen on associating with other people who share the Esposito family name, the accompanying assets can help: ESPOSITO Family Genealogy Forum: Free message board is centered around relatives of Esposito precursors around the world.FamilySearch - ESPOSITO Genealogy and Family History: Explore more than 350,000 digitized and interpreted historicalâ records, just as ancestry connected family trees for the Esposito surname.ESPOSITO Surname Mailing List: Free mailing list for analysts of the Esposito family name and its varieties incorporates membership subtleties and an accessible chronicles of past messages.GeneaNet - Esposito Records: GeneaNet incorporates authentic records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Espositoâ surname, with a fixation on records and families from France and other European countries.The Esposito Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse family trees and connections to genealogical and verifiable records for people with the last name Espositoâ from the site of Genealogy Today. Sources: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket version), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Managing people Essay

2. What mental models do you have about going to a college or school address? Are these psychological models accommodating? Could any of these psychological models keep you away from accomplishing the full advantages of the talk? To accomplish our objectives with some level of consistency and rational soundness, guides are utilized. Guides (mental models): are interior portrayals of the outer world. Comprise of visual or social pictures in our brain, for example, what the study hall resembles or Conceptually what happens when we present a task late. Depend on it to understand our condition through perceptual gathering Models fill in the missing pieces, including causal association among occasions Example: mental model about going to a class talk or workshop presumptions or assumptions regarding where the teacher and understudies seat themselves in the room, how they ask and answer inquiries Create a psychological picture of a class in progress first class of the semester: would expect that instructors would experience the point control and what is normal result of this subject. Expect that speaker would begin the conversation of the instructional exercises before experiencing the talk. A significant job in sense making, yet they likewise make it hard to see the world in various manners. Model: bookkeeping experts will in general observe corporate issues as far as bookkeeping arrangements promoting experts see a similar issue from an advertising viewpoint Blocks our acknowledgment of new open doors How would we change it? Created during a few time of understanding and support. To continually interrogate them and ask ourselves concerning the supposition we make. Working with individuals from various foundation, societies and diverse subject matter will cause us to understand our own presumption These suspicions may keep me down. In the event that I assume that the principal talk would be on experiencing the subject guide when there is an instructional exercise and I didn't get ready. Or on the other hand when I should have perused the section before going to the main exercise with the goal that I am ready to take an interest. 3. Do you characterize yourself as far as the college or school you join in? Why or why not? What are the ramifications of your solution for your college? We characterize ourselves to an enormous degree by the gatherings to which we have a place or have a passionate connection. Social character hypothesis clarifies the elements of social discernment †how we see others. Impacted by three exercises during the time spent shaping and keeping up our social personality Categorisation Categorizing individuals into particular gathering Expel that person’s uniqueness and rather consider them to be a prototypical delegate of the gathering ‘Australians’. Permits you to separate Australians from individuals who live in NZ, HK and different nations in that locale Homogenisation Tend to believe that individuals inside each gathering are fundamentally the same as one another Australians all in all have comparative mentalities and attributes Every individual is one of a kind yet we will in general dismiss this reality when pondering our social personality and how we contrast with individuals in other social gatherings Differentiation Satisfies our inalienable need to have an unmistakable and positive self-convept. We accomplish more than arrange individuals and homogenize them Differentiate bunches by appointing increasingly positive attributes to individuals in our gatherings than to individuals in different gatherings It’s frequently unpretentious yet can grow into a ‘good-fellow awful guy’ differentiate when gatherings are in strife with one another â€Å"Hello-kitty† individuals 6. Depict a circumstance where you utilized conduct alteration to impact someone’s conduct. What explicitly did you do? What was the outcome? 7. For what reason are associations advancing toward the utilization of experiential ways to deal with learning? What conditions are required for progress? Another way that representatives learn is through direct experience Most unsaid information and aptitudes are obtained through understanding just as perception. Start when we draw in with the earth; at that point ponder the experience and structure speculations about how our general surroundings functions Most significant fixing is a solid learning direction inside the association and its representatives. Individuals with a worldwide mentality have a solid learning direction that they invite new learning chances, effectively explore different avenues regarding new thoughts and practices, see sensible errors as a characteristic piece of the learning procedure and ceaselessly question past practices. Urge representatives to address since quite a while ago held suppositions or mental models and to effectively ‘unlearn’ rehearses that are not, at this point perfect

Men vs. Men Women: Nature or Nurture Essay

It’s astounding how men advertisement ladies can be viewed as the equivalent however yet be so altogether different. Outwardly they may resemble the other the same two eyes, two ears, a nose, mouth, hands, etc, however they couldn't be increasingly unique. So the maxim goes, â€Å"men are from Mars and ladies are from Venus†. The inquiry is the reason however? Is it due to nature or due to sustain? One distinction is that men are very more forceful than ladies because of higher testosterone levels. It was accepted that how your bring up the youngster and the job of society were the primary factors that decided the result as male or female. In any case, with the instance of David Reimer this demonstrated to not be valid. David was experiencing a normal circumcision when he was eight months old that turned out badly. Specialists chose to transform him into a young lady as an investigation, to demonstrate that reassigning a sex was simple since sustain decided their mental make-up. Be that as it may, today being thirty-seven years of age, the furious David is verification of how wrong they were. He had a tormented youth, and has needed to experience numerous medical procedures to attempt to recover his masculinity. The organic sex of a kid will consistently win, presently matter how they are raised. In spite of the fact that animosity is because of testosterone in men, it isn't the main explanation. The hostility in men is additionally inferred in he way they are raised and how society instructs them to act. From youth, young men are instructed to be hard to â€Å"be a major boy† and not cry. They are trained that young men should play sports like football, wrestling, and other vicious games. Men identify with one another through physical connection. For men, words are less significant in creating connections; they are tied in with making a move. Our general public trains men to imagine that â€Å"actions talk stronger than words†. Then again, ladies do relate with words. One of the most significant things to a lady in a relationship is having the option to discuss issues. Ladies care increasingly about the musings and sentiments behind the activity. Passionate closeness, and closeness, is the most significant objective. Being straightforward and open is the thing that shows love. Despite the fact that the case with David Reimer shows that you can’t change the natural sex of a youngster, a kid could get a few attributes of the oppositeâ sex. For instance, if a young lady, with different siblings, is raised by her dad with no mother figure around, things, for example, football and battling would be of more enthusiasm to her, and she would be viewed as a ‘tomboy’. She would need to be part of the gang. People are distinctive from numerous points of view than the undeniable physical ones. I accept that the distinctions are both nature and sustain, and that you can’t have one without the other. In any case, I do accept that a larger part of the distinction relies upon sustain, because of the way that society today has set such a significant number of gauges as how people should act. â€Å"ED and Intimacy† http://www.allabouted.com/english/connections/intimacy.html â€Å"Boys Will Be Boys: Nature versus Nurture†. Ninemsn, an hour. Copyright 1997-2003 http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/60/stories/2000_05_07/story_158.asp

buy custom Colonization of America essay

purchase custom Colonization of America exposition America was colonized during the early time of government by Britain. The procedure of colonization of America started with the investigation exercises, which were directed by the European travelers. The pioneers constantly educated their legislatures about the assets in America. This urged the Europeans to have a lot of enthusiasm for business and farming exercises in America (Frank, 1998, p. 89). Local Americans were among the early individuals who lived in America. Their populace was genuinely influenced by wars and pandemic ailments, which were predominant during the sixteenth century. Relocation encouraged the development of different social orders in America. For instance, Afro-Americans developed as a result of subjection (Frank, 1998, p. 90). Native Americans additionally shaped a piece of this general public. The appearance of the British colonials in America prompted mistreatment and misuse of the Americans. So as to secure their advantage, the Americans needed to oppose the British principle through all the potential methods. This prompted the American Revolution, which encouraged the freedom of America. In 1607, the British got numerous uncommon changes the American culture. They meddled with the American human advancement. Aside from Britain, other European powers such Sweden and France likewise endeavored to get provinces in America. The significant point behind colonization was the need to pick up assets from America (Guevara, 2009, p. 231). During the British standard in the American provinces numerous progressions happened, and they were not for the Americans interests. Servitude which had started during the old time frame currently turned out to be more awful. The American culture turned out to be progressively defined during the British standard. This prompted the advancement of imbalances, which truly influenced numerous occupants of the American settlement. These social shameful acts arranged the ground for the American Revolution. The American Revolution The upheaval began in 1763 when the French and Indian war reached a conclusion. The British government needed the Americans to give the monetary assets to keeping up the settlements. The British colonialists used their capacity by charging high duties regarding their matters. The Americans didn't acknowledge those arrangements. Numerous Americans likewise felt that the British guideline was unlawful since they were not having agents in the British government (Guevara, 2009, p. 215). They, in this way, challenged the British. Reasons for the American Revolution American Enlightenment This was an anteroom bunch that encouraged the spread of thoughts, for example, republicanism and vote based system. These belief systems empowered them to increase political awareness. Republicanism enlivened numerous individuals, and it was instrumental in propelling the course of the insurgency (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 107). As indicated by this philosophy, the national intrigue should start things out. They were, in this manner, focused on battling for self administration. Religion Religion was critical during the American Revolution since it gave the residents moral consolation to oppose imperialism. During the Revolution, church pioneers took positions of authority in political associations (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 112). For example, they occupied with advisory groups of correspondence. Some of them even took part in multitudes of obstruction. Dubious British Legislation The Americans dismissed the majority of the corrective demonstrations that were instituted by the British government. For instance, they instituted route acts. Through these demonstrations, the pioneer government had the option to overwhelm the financial framework and the Americans truly endured (Brinkley, 2009, p. 304). This made them battle against persecution. American Political Opposition Resistance of the British standard was likewise done through reporter boards of trustees, which served in different limits in the pilgrim government (Doyle, 2009, p. 76). Individuals from these boards additionally drove the Americans during the fights. Job of Women Despite the fact that ladies were not a piece of the major political exercises all through the insurgency, they likewise assumed a job in encouraging the upset. They gave insight by just keeping an eye on the British exercises (Doyle, 2009, p. 90). Ladies additionally gave food and different coordinations to the warriors. Monetary Reasons During the frontier time frame in America, Britain was greatly distracted with propelling its economy (Henretta Dmenil, 2007, p. 113). For instance, it was experiencing modern unrest. In such manner, Britain sanctioned pioneer approaches that would support its most extreme misuse of its states. The accompanying financial variables, in this way, somewhat added to the beginning of the American Revolution. The British government thought of various land arrangements in America after the finish of the war among it and France. This war went on for a long time, and it was primarily brought about by the craving of the two forces to have pilgrim assets in the western piece of America. England which developed successful after the war added all the land that had been challenged (Brinkley, 2009, p. 230). Not long after the war, Britain began authorizing significant changes in land strategies particularly in its western provinces. The primary significance of this approach was to encourage British power over the Western provinces. In this regard, three different polices likewise rose after the sanctioning of the new approach, and they incorporated the accompanying (Frank, 1998, p. 178). The rejection approach was the first, and it was intended to expel the Americans from the western area. Furthermore, we had the usage of the avoidance approach. Thirdly, the British set up modalities of financing the rejection program, which was to be accomplished through a progression of tax assessment arrangements (Doyle, 2009, p. 123). For this situation, it was the American residents that should pay for the expense of expelling their associates from the West. Along these lines, out of line tax assessment was one of the primary monetary elements that were answerable for the beginning of the upset in America. Despite the fact that the British government could gadget different systems for raising assets, they considered the To be as the most reasonable wellspring of fund for achievement of the rejection plan (Henretta Dumenil, 2007, p. 145). This was on the grounds that the British government had brought about much cost during the war with France. Additionally, the assessments were generally high in Britain contrasted with the provinces. The officials additionally had their voting demographics in Britain and not in the provinces. With every one of these issues put into thought, the British parliament considered tax collection to be the settlements as the most reasonable method of raising assets for the prohibition program (Guevara, 2009, p. 114). Appropriately, numerous tax assessment acts were actualized so as to create income for the British armed force in America. The Sugar Act was executed in 1764 and it was intended to decrease taxes charged on non British items sourced from West Indies. It was additionally expected to encourage the assortment of those products (Doyle, 2009, p. 321). This demonstration was trailed by the primary Stamp Act, which was executed so as to give salary to the military. Not long after the requirement of this demonstration, the Quartering Act was additionally set up, and it was intended to empower the British armed force to approach social conveniences from the Americans. More expenses were likewise required on products that were imported through the authorization of the Townshend Act that was presented in 1767. Notwithstanding these demonstrations, the British government additionally executed the Navigation Acts, which further stressed the economy of the Americans (Middlekauff, 2007, p. 145). The Americans couldn't do a lot to kill the British armed force control of the west. Be that as it may, they opposed the new charges forced on them through a progression of tranquil strategies. For instance, they would not accepting merchandise that were imported from Britain. This blacklist influenced exchanging exercises to a degree that the British government evacuated the majority of the charges referenced above (Guevara, 2009, p. 210). Significantly after the disposal of these duties, the British despite everything had the inclination that it was critical to keep burdening the Americans. This saw the usage of new expenses following a couple of years. The Americans had no real option except to respond brutally. The cruel monetary arrangements prompted a genuine financial decay among the Americans. Consequently, the monetary issues together with different variables prompted the episode of the insurgency. Larger part of antiquarians have concentrated on the progressive heads, in a large portion of their investigation of the progressive time frame. For example, the majority of them interface the achievement of the American Revolution to people, for example, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and others(Philip, 1962, p. 556). Despite the fact that that consideration is justified, it has some way or another given a bogus impression of how the American Revolution was led. As brought up by students of history, for example, Breen, obviously the possibility of the upset rose among the normal individuals, and not the pioneers. John Adams was correct when he referenced that there was a division among states on the most proficient method to move toward picking up freedom. For instance, a few people supported for tranquil dealings for their privileges, while other supported milittary battles. The nearby activity by commissions that spread in different states further shows that the insurgency was passed through a purposeful exertion and not exclusively by the authorities we connect with patriot cause. Without a doubt, the common people enthusiastically and energetically occupied with the patriot cause. This unmistakably shows normal Americans had the ability to employ political expert in their region with a feeling of reason. It is likewise worth referencing that by 1774, just not many Americans could consider freedom. In 1774, George Washington really educated a companion regarding his that sway was along term dream for the Americans. Be that as it may, with extraordinary assurance and center the Americans figured out how to remove the British f

How to Write Essay Samples

How to Write Essay SamplesIf you are searching for sources on how to write essay samples, you will want to read this guide. It will discuss the various styles that essay writers utilize. This will help you learn about different ways to write the essay and enhance your skills for future projects.If you are currently writing an essay or working on a project for college, you have a great opportunity to show off your own writing skills. It's always best to write an essay on your own. For a new student or instructor, writing the essay can be daunting, so by using a written essay sample as a guide, it helps you develop writing skills.The essay will demonstrate how skilled you are at writing and also provide you with a springboard to write the entire essay on your own. There are many ways to get essay samples. One way is to find a professor who assigns a particular style of essay.Another way is to ask a writing mentor, or contact one of your professors or a professional writer. Of course, t his can be very difficult in today's world with the availability of the Internet. You may even be able to find some great essay samples that have already been used on a certain topic, such as the restaurant industry.If you are working on a college project, you can purchase a book of samples. There are many courses in the university that offer literature courses and also those in English. They will generally have several examples of essay writing that they are interested in purchasing.You can also find plenty of information on how to write essay samples online. This information will include instructions on where to purchase, how to prepare the essay and the basics of how to write a good essay. Even if you only need advice on how to write a single paragraph, these books are designed to give you tips and tricks, as well as strategies for writing in general.How to write essay samples also includes research into the proper format. Just like writing an essay, writing a brief summary is th e first step in every write-up. Every writer has their own special way of outlining their essay.After this first section, the rest of the essay will be based on the flow of the brief summary. The last part of writing an essay is to spend time on the body of the essay, where the bulk of the work takes place. This is the final part of the essay, and this should be thorough and well-organized. This part of the writing process will be the final result.

Hermia and Lysander in A Midsummer Nights Dream - Free Essay Example

Hermia and Lysander are in love but unable to marry because Hermias father. They completely ignore her fathers wishes and plan to elope. Hermia says By all the vows that ever men have broke/ (In number more than ever women spoke),/ In that same place thou hast appointed me,/ Tomorrow truly will I meet with thee. (1.1.171-181), in this quote Hermia is promising Lysander she will run away with him to the woods. This is a very important line because we see how willingly Hermia goes against Egeus knowing this could result in her being killed. She is also giving up all her friends and family all for this one man. What Hermia is saying truly reveals how truely passionate her love is for Lysander. We can truly see how important they are to each other. Compared to all the other couples in the play, Lysander never stops loving Hermia on purpose and Hermia never stops loving Lysander. This love is very unique and you know they will find a way back to each other. In Midsummer Nights Dream, we see an example of artificial love. As the name implies it isnt real but it is so strong that it tricks you into thinking it is real.This love is not actually love but more of an illusion. Bottom and Titania are a perfect example. While practicing in the forest, Bottom wakens Titania who has had the flower juice placed on her, as soon as Titania sees Bottom, she is obsessed. Within a few moments of knowing him she declares Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful. (3.1.150) those words are remarkably deep to tell someone you just met. Titania believes that Bottom is the love of her life, with just looking at him. Due to the love potion she insists he remain in the woods with her and even tells bottom that she loves him. She is so in love with him while he just seems to be clueless and lost. So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle/ Gently entwist; the female ivy so/ Enrings the barky fingers of the elm./ O, how I love thee! How I dote on thee! (4.1.43-46 ). We see Titania completely starstruck by Bottom. We later see that it was all fake and as we already know is due to the Love potion that was put on her eyes. Parental love is another amazing example of love in A Midsummer Nights dream, we see that Egeus refuses to give up Hermia because he believes that it is her best interest to marry Demetrius. Egeus says As she is mine, I may dispose of her,/Which shall be either to this gentleman/ Or to her death, according to our law/ Immediately provided in that case (1.1.43-46). He refuses to give her up and says that she will wither marry Demetrius or will die.

The Founding Leadership Truly Caused America s Independence

Arielle Devorah Mrs. McCall AP US History 19 October 2014 Although there are debates on whether the founders leadership truly caused America s independence, or they were simply a group of elitist liberals with personal interests, without the unparalleled leadership of the Founders in the Revolutionary period of America, we would not have the America we live in today. We owe the preservation of our rights, the constitution, the branches of government, and the whole notion of independence to the leadership and steadfastness of the Founders. They worked tirelessly through meetings, the creation and implementation of certain ideas, and their notable actions, which caused the United States to become an independent nation. The founders were†¦show more content†¦The congress was important because for the first time, after the boycotts of the colonists proved effective, delegates sat together and engaged in spirited debates. They discovered that they had more in common then they originally thought, and would later become a n important step in the unification of the colonies. The First Continental Congress, which occurred in 1774, met in Philadelphia. Every colony was represented except Georgia. The aim of this congress was to organize resistance to Parliament s Coercive Acts, which included the Boston Port Act, which closed the Boston Port until the reimbursement of the East India Company for the wrecking of their ships, the Quartering Act, which demanded that colonists house and feed British soldiers, and the Quebec Act,which granted the free practice of Catholicism and gave some land west of the Ohio River Valley to Canadians. The delegates at the Congress included significant Founders, such as George Washington, John Adams, and John Jay. They made sure the congress was being based on equality and the promotion of free debate. With the leadership of the founders, the Congress was able to

The schedule of college students causes them to eat unhealthy foods at awkward hours which makes them unhealthy and obese Free Essay Example, 2000 words

It is easy for them to live a life using things that come in handy. Though it should not be by putting one’s health and life at stake, students feel it is fun to eat out and have some good time with cohorts and peers without caring for the effects and consequences of poor diet (Anne Ng p. 2). When college students are stressed about exams they consume junk food like ice cream in between study sessions as a comfort food. Students feel that good tasting food has an overwhelming impact on the brain and enhances the complete well being of the person. Students binge on junk food and noodles because they taste good and are inexpensive. Junk or unhealthy food is a quick fix for students who have crammed schedules. Further students do not wish to remain hungry and tired and therefore they access ready made food from the nearest corner or vending machine. These factors like time, exam stress and cheap food does not give rise to the idea of self cooking nutritious food among college st udents, they rather stick to unhealthy food to overcome the hunger at any time (Top 5 College Student Stressors). College life is a new environment and students feel difficult in balancing their life with higher education, social pressures and food habits. We will write a custom essay sample on The schedule of college students causes them to eat unhealthy foods at awkward hours which makes them unhealthy and obese or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The extreme change in life style leads to a change in food habits and students become obese. The Freshman 15 stigma clearly indicates why it is difficult for college students to maintain their study life and food habits. The change in day schedule at the colleges affects eating and students do not have adequate time to exercise. Inadequacy of time is due to all nighters to complete projects and study for exams (Malinauskas et al). College student have the habit of eating late at night because they do not have enough time during the day. The time may be 12 am and the food they chose is usually fast food, junk food and friend food. The habit of eating unhealthy food is an outcome of eating disorders and diet changes. Eating habits change when student attend college because the eating time varies according to the college schedule. Students mostly depend on college cafeterias, buffets, unhealthy snacks and round the clock restaurants that tempt them to over eat and discourage them to choose healthy food. Stress and inadequate money also deprives students from eating the right food. Students deprived of eating food at the right time end up eating junk food at odd times such as 2 a m and are confident that they have good metabolism. But this kind of eating habits takes its toll in the long term.

The Effects Of Drugs On Society s Perspectives On Drugs

The representation of drugs has been frequently changing since popular songs and films have emerged in the Western nations. These changes varied from a negative perspective to a more open and positive portrayal on drugs from the late 1800s till this present day respectively. The entertainment industry plays a huge role in the influence on society’s perspectives on drugs as some films would have depicted drugs being the cause of violence and tragedy while some other films would portray the drugs as a recreational use for some individuals who feel the need to use it to overcome the adversity of fitting into society or challenge it. Till this present day, even though there is a lot more optimism on the views of drugs than the earlier century,†¦show more content†¦Thus, why artists and writers would use this to send their ideas on the prohibition of drugs through media. The imagery of drugs slowly shifted away from the morality of anti-drugs, then focused towards normalising illegal drug use as it approached the years 1960s and 1970s. The film Easy Rider (1969) establishes two white men providing illegal drugs (cocaine) in exchange for money which would allow them to buy into their freedom or in other words the ‘American Dream’. Unfortunately the two men were murdered at the end of the film because they lost sight of their freedom as Boyd (2010, p.61) mentions ‘In Easy Rider, it is not the drug that produces harm (a dominant theme in earlier films); rather it is conventional society that is represented as dangerous, embodied in the form of working-class Southern white men†, a movie that wouldn’t have been screened 50 years ago from that period. This film also demonstrates the hardship of earning money and pursuing the American Dream would result to dealing drugs for cash in order for that dream to become a reality. Ma nderson (1995, p. 812) states ‘it reveals, furthermore, the ways in which â€Å"the drug problem† is not about the drugs at all. The law, as much as the user, must learn to â€Å"just say no†

Essay about Obedience to Authority by Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram’s 1963 studies into obedience have provided important and shocking insights into the power of authority. The study set out to discover how obedient people really are. Debate and controversy have surrounded the study since the results were first published. Predictions made by psychologists before the experiment proved dramatically inaccurate. The experiment led volunteers to believe they were administering increasingly painful and dangerous electric shocks to another volunteer for the purposes of a study on memory. The memory study was a ploy, the real focus was on the behaviour of participants inflicting pain on another person. Participants often acted against their own moral judgements and obeyed authority, even when†¦show more content†¦The experimenter would show the participant along with a confederate a shock generator with voltages of 15v to 450v (30 switches in 15v increments). Participants were told this was connected to a chair in another room . They then drew lots to decide who would be the â€Å"teacher† in charge of shocks and who the â€Å"learner† receiving shocks (the outcome was rigged for the participant to be the teacher). The confederate was then strapped into the chair, and the participant was given a sample shock of 45v from the generator (the only real shocks given during the experiment) and the experiment would begin. Word pairs were read out which the teacher would ask questions on through an intercom. Wrong answers received a shock which increased with each incorrect response. If the participant reached 450v they would repeat that level twice before the experiment was concluded. Any questioning or refusal to continue was met with standard answers from the experimenter such as â€Å"although the shocks are painful, there is no permanent tissue damage† or â€Å"the experiment requires that you continue†. The first participants for the study were men (a later experiment tested women) recruited by adverts in the local newspapers, offering $4.50, they called on people from all back grounds and professions to take part. The results were startling, 65% of the 40 participants completed the experiment and the lowest pointShow MoreRelatedObedience And Authority, By Stanley Milgram1156 Words   |  5 Pagesbe generated. Obedience to Authority by Stanley Milgram, discusses various subjects such as impression, stereotypes and prejudices, attribution, attitudes, social influence, attraction, obedience and authority, groups, and helping behavior. Milgram explains, â€Å"A person does not get to see the whole situation but only a small part of it, and is thus unable to act without some kind of over-all direction. He yields to authority but in doing so are alienated from his own actions.†Ã‚  (Milgram 11). In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an authoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreObedience Is, As Stanley Milgram Writes, â€Å"As Basic An Element1219 Words   |  5 PagesObedience is, as Stanley Milgram writes, â€Å"as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to† (Milgram 1). The act of obedience holds positive connotations, but the sometimes negative effects of blind obedience are explored in Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† and Diana Baumrind’s  "Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience.† Though Milgram does analyze how the subjects of the experiment blame their actions on the experimenters, Baumrind argues the bad effectsRead MoreThe Causes Of Obedience From Research By Milgram ( 1974 ) And His Contemporaries1360 Words   |  6 Pagescauses of Obedience from research by Milgram (1974) and his Contemporaries. Stanley Milgram was a Psychologist at Yale. Obedience is an essential part in the format of humanity, and it’s destructiveness has been investigated throughout time. Stanley Milgram organized a research to test the destructiveness of obedience however, Milgram wanted to investigate why ordinary people are keen to obey an authority figure and commit evil deeds even when it goes against their beliefs. Milgram used socialRead MoreThe Perils of Obedience, by Stanley Milgram1499 Words   |  6 PagesIf a person of authority ordered you inflict a 15 to 400 volt electrical shock on another innocent human being, would you follow your direct orders? That is the question that Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University tested in the 1960’s. Most people would answer â€Å"no,† to imposing pain on innocent human beings but Milgram wanted to go further with his study. Writing and Reading across the Curriculum holds a shortened edition of Stanley Milgram’s â₠¬Å"The Perils of Obedience,† where he displaysRead MoreThe Milgram Experiment1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram, a famous social psychologist, and student of Solomon Asch, conducted a controversial experiment in 1961, investigating obedience to authority (1974). The experiment was held to see if a subject would do something an authority figure tells them, even if it conflicts with their personal beliefs and morals. He even once said, The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situationRead MoreThe Milgram Experiment Essay example1083 Words   |  5 PagesA researcher, Stanley Milgram, wondered how far individuals would go in following commands. In 1974 he set up a series of experiments. Describe the research methods used, together with the findings. In 1974 Stanley Milgram conducted the classic study of obedience to authority. The study looked into how far individuals would be willing to go, and were asked could they deliver increasingly devastating electric shocks to a fellow human being, as they were requested to do so by the professor inRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesdesign experiments to test specific hypotheses (the deductive approach), or to evaluate functional relationships (the inductive approach). One such experimental study is The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures. My paper will attempt to look at the ethics surrounding the Milgarm experiment, on the obedience to authority figures. And the reasons some psychologist misconstrued it has unethical. The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T); the subject of the experiment, to give what theRead MoreStanley Milgram1172 Words   |  5 Pagesstructures of authority, hierarchy, and domination in every aspect of life, and to challenge them; unless a justification for them can be given, they are illegitimate, and should be dismantled, to increase the scope of human freedom.† There is a true feeling of what authority can do if placed in situations that require someone to follow instructions. What happens to someone when they follow the orders of another person in authority? An experiment conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram reveal howRead MoreEssay on The Milgram Experiment1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Milgram Experiment (Hart) Stanley Milgram’s experiment in the way people respond to obedience is one of the most important experiments ever administered. The goal of Milgram’s experiment was to find the desire of the participants to shock a learner in a controlled situation. When the volunteer would be ordered to shock the wrong answers of the victims, Milgram was truly judging and studying how people respond to authority. Milgram discovered something both troubling and awe inspiring about the

The Wizard Of Oz Poster - 1234 Words

When walking into a movie theatre or a small cinema the initial thing to hit a person’s senses is the smell of the buttery golden popcorn. Next, people generally glance around the room, letting their eyes follow through the full circle of scoping out a space. Theatres generally play numerous movies at once so of course they have different advertisements for each of the different movies that are played. The posters that the film creators and visual designers create are, tremendously important to the movie’s success in the cinemas and popularity it has in the common public. Naturally, only the most prestige movie posters make it into the movie poster hall of fame and I believe that the Wizard of Oz poster should be included with the many other posters. These posters help to preview the characters, setting, mood, and overall feel of the movie before watching the flick. Ordinarily, good movie posters should create interest for the viewers leading them to want to watch the movie and draw people in using typography, colors, facial expressions, symbols, and people’s personal interpretations. Therefore, the Wizard of Oz movie poster accomplishes making it a perfect poster to be initiated into the movie poster hall of fame. The Wizard of Oz movie poster’s typography captures the potential audience’s attention. The font of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Studio Learning Task No 11338 Words   |  6 Pagespractical and aesthetic function, providing yet another standard of measure. / 95 Q6: Find an image of each of the 3 following designs (Google image is good for searching): Milton Glaser - â€Å"We are all African† 2008 Guo Pei - Red Shoes: Homage to Wizard of Oz shoes, 2011. Dieter Rams – Universal Shelving System, 1959 Look closely at these designs, and then explain which of the three functions is most clearly expressed in each one. Using 50 words for each example, explain how this function is demonstratedRead MoreDesign and Industrial Revolution1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfunction: Symbolic function throughout Milton Glaser’s poster â€Å"We are all African†. The poster uses an emotive appeal and evokes empathy to the audience through the use of colour. The image portrays a hand with five different skin tones. Perhaps encourages the fact that everyone is equal. Guo Pei - Red Shoes: Homage to Wizard of Oz shoes, 2011 Aesthetics function: An extravagant, modern take on Dorothy’s shoes from â€Å"The wizard of Oz† The delicate and intricate detail surrounding the shoeRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1313 Words   |  6 Pageselements. Milton Glaser – ‘We Are All African’ (2008) Glasers’ ‘We are All African† poster has a very powerful symbolic function. The piece of work has a very apparent message trying to be communicated to the reader, that being of equality. By using different colorings on every finger he makes it highly relatable and it makes the message resonate with the reader. Guo Pei- Red Shoes: Homeage to Wizard ofOz Shoes, (2011) Guo Pei’s red shoe is of aesthetic function, the shoes are highly impracticalRead MoreCultural Event Report Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesmaneuver because of the crowds. But, it is worth the waiting, they recently acquired a 9/11 Exhibit named â€Å"Remembrance and Reflection† that will run from September 3-11, 2011. Then there’s the Wizard of Oz Exhibit and all the popular culture memorabilia; such as Farrah Fawcett’s red swim suit she wore in her poster that is now a collector’s item and Michael Jackson’s hat and his glove was on display at the museum, as well as, the leather jacket Henry Winkler wore in Happy Days when he played Fonzie. ThisRead MoreEssay on Censorship - The Negative Consequences of Book Banning1501 Words   |  7 PagesConsequences of Book Banning If you were to ask a teacher what they thought the most important source of knowledge was they would probably answer: reading. When I think back to every classroom I sat in at school, I remember at least one poster on the wall promoting reading. Throughout my school years, teachers have pounded into my head how important it is to read. In high school I had a list of books that I was required to read over my summer break so that I would continuously be educatedRead More20th Century Design Slt 11526 Words   |  7 Pages symbolic, is most clearly expressed in Milton Glaser’s poster â€Å"We Are All African†. The poster shows a dark skinned hand that has fingers of different coloured races. We all have hands, the only difference is the colour of our skin. The poster closely reflects the symbolic function as it is something that all people can recognize and immediately connect to. It isn’t just a hand, it’s a symbol. Guo Pei Red Shoes: Homage to Wizard of Oz. shoes 2011 (http://beyondvictoriana.com/2011/01/02/55Read MoreI Walk Into The Cold Church Basement1508 Words   |  7 Pagestheater community which consists of those who would rather participate in musicals. Within that community, there are thespians who do musicals because they think they are fun and know the basic plots of the more popular musicals, such as Grease, The Wizard of Oz, Wicked, and Rent. There are also the thespians who eat, sleep, and breathe musicals. These are the people who only have songs from musicals on their phones and would sell a kidney to go see the original cast of Hamilton on Broadway. I personallyRead More Student Motivation and Retention Essays3711 Words   |  15 Pagesthough the Japan study said that technology doesn’t excite students, I still think I will use it once in a while. It is something different and kids love to do something out of the ordinary. At JCMS, we try to show motivation on our walls. We have posters with our school motto. All the teachers even wear a pendant with the motto. I do not know how many of the students even notice it though. We motivate our students with a program called Renaissance, in which students receive rewards for their gradesRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages(1944 bw), The Yearling (1946 - color), Little Women (1949 - color), An American in Paris (1951 - color), The Bad and The Beautiful (1952 - bw), Julius Caesar (1953 - bw), Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 - bw). He was nominated for Wizard of Oz in 1939, but didnt win. In some ways you could say that Cedric Gibbons was the most influential set designer of the 1930s, because he controlled such a large studio. His autocratic control ensured that his vision and his visualRead More The American Dream and College Essay5160 Words   |  21 PagesEven if you only think about the process, you are caught in the mess or if you take the time to do research, there is no going back. Though, the majority of students who go through this inevitable admissions procedure typically do not meet the Wizard of Oz after traveling the yellow brick road in hopes of being granted their first choice for higher education. Sue Biermert explained to our junior class that night that life is about taking risks and facing problem after problem. It

Alfred Hitchcocks Film Psycho Essay Example For Students

Alfred Hitchcocks Film Psycho Essay In the opening situation of Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho, were at a hotel room where a man named Sam and a woman named Marian are seeing themselves privately. Marian seems like a very respectful woman, however, early in the film we see her steal $40,000 from her boss in the first opportunity she has. She takes the money and goes to California, to her boyfriend. On her way she stays at a motel where she meets Norman Bates who is a psycho killer, though we dont know this until the end of the film. Norman has a mental problem where he tries to keep his mother alive by becoming his mother. At the end of the film we learn that in reality Norman killed his mother and tried to make her relive by bringing her corpse into the house and by demonstrating her jealous personality. Because of this he murders Marian, believing this is what his mother would do. He also murders the private detective that comes searching for her a week later. The climax of the film occurs when we find out that Norman in reality is a psycho killer. His problem gets resolved when he sees a psychiatrist and gets locked up. English Essays

Marketing Strategies Of Woolworths Limited †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies Of Woolworths Limited. Answer: Introduction of the selected organisation: For this report, Woolworths Limited has been selected as the organisation, as it is one of the leading retailers in Australia and it is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. This is a retail super chain and it is mainly owned on the part of Woolworths Group. The organisation is involved in expanding the range of products sold in the supermarkets and corresponding retail stores through the sale of stationery items, kitchenware and magazines. In addition, the organisation has initiated various marketing strategies like promotional offers and discounts in attracting new and potential customers. Corporate governance disclosures of Woolworths Limited: From the corporate governance report of the organisation, it has been found that the board is to ensure the shareholders interests by appraisal of the organisational strategies, performance and policies (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2017). In order to ensure this, a board charter has been adopted for regulating the composition of the board and the meeting process. In addition, the chairperson of Woolworths Limited is accountable to monitor the contribution of the individual directors along with evaluating their performance and the overall board. It has been found that majority of the directors involved with Woolworths Limited are independent, which could be validated with the help of the following figure: Along with this, the board has formed a nomination committee to review the potential candidates for board appointment as well as the retired directors standing for re-election by considering skills, experience and diversity of the board composition (Sivathaasan 2016). Woolworths Limited has developed a code of conduct for all staffs, directors and executives. Such code of conduct is associated with trading policy in company securities and continuous disclosure to ensure the interests of all the associated stakeholders. Some of the codes of conduct include the trading policy on company securities and continuous disclosure to comply with the regulatory requirements (Beekes, Brown and Zhang 2015). For communicating with and ensuring participation of the shareholders, Woolworths Limited holds annual general meetings mainly in November along with publishing the decisions taken after the board meeting has been completed. The organisation has formed a risk management team, which looks after the material business risks and report the same to the management about managing such risks in an effective fashion. The remuneration committee has been formed on the part of the organisation as well and most of the members in the remuneration committee are independent and the head of the committee is not the head of the board. Compliance of Woolworths Limited with the essential principles of corporate governance: The essential principles of corporate governance as laid out in the ASX rule and the compliance status of Woolworths Limited are depicted as follows: Presence of effective foundations for management and oversight: A listed organisation is required to reveal the respective roles and responsibilities of its board and management along with the way of monitoring and evaluating the overall performance (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). From the above section, it has been found that Woolworths Limited has adopted a board charter for regulating the composition of the board and the meeting process. In addition, the chairperson of Woolworths Limited is accountable to monitor the contribution of the individual directors along with evaluating their performance and the overall board. Structure of the board in adding value: As laid out by Larcker and Tayan (2015), a listed organisation needs to have a board of effective size, skills, composition and commitment for enabling it in discharging its duties effectively. It has been found that majority of the directors involved with Woolworths Limited are independent and the board has formed a nomination committee to review the potential candidates for board appointment as well as the retired directors standing for re-election by considering skills, experience and diversity of the board composition. Acting responsibly and ethically: It is of utmost importance for an organisation to act in a responsible and ethical manner in the operating market (Sivathaasan 2016). Woolworths Limited has developed a code of conduct for all staffs, directors and executives. Such code of conduct is associated with trading policy in company securities and continuous disclosure to ensure the interests of all the associated stakeholders. Safeguarding integrity in corporate reporting: A listed organisation needs to have formal and rigorous methods for independent verification along with safeguarding the integrity of corporate reporting (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Woolworths Limited has established a remuneration committee, in which most of the members in the remuneration committee are independent and the head of the committee is not the head of the board. Respecting the rights of the shareholders: It is necessary for a listed organisation to ensure the rights of the stakeholders by providing them with effective facilities and information (Young and Thyil 2014). Some of the policies for ensuring the shareholders rights include the trading policy on company securities and continuous disclosure to comply with the regulatory requirements. Recommendations for future improvement: Woolworths Limited could adopt the following measures for improving its corporate governance principles further: The organisation needs to provide greater clarification of the boards role in its corporate governance statement Monitoring the organisational performance is another requirement, which would help in identifying any disparity before the disclosures are made. The directors could be provided with greater financial information so that they could evaluate the financial position of the organisation in a better manner and formulate any steps for further improvements. The board and director performance needs to be evaluated independently and if any gap is identified, measures need to be taken to strengthen the principles of corporate governance. Woolworths Limited could conduct audit of all the individuals involved with the organisation by appointing an external firm to examine the corporate behaviours and policies. Finally, the organisation could develop a manual in order to govern the company relations. The managers and owners need to be involved here for providing a message to the staffs that effective behaviour within the organisation initiates from the top. References: Asx.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cg_principles_recommendations_with_2010_amendments.pdf [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Beekes, W., Brown, P. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.931-963. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Sivathaasan, N., 2016. Corporate governance and leverage in Australia: A pitch.Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems,15(4), pp.819-825. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/icms_docs/182380_Corporate_Governance_Statement.pdf [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Young, S. and Thyil, V., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics OfFinance 122(1), pp.1-24.

Learn More About Sample Masters Essay

Learn More About Sample Masters EssayMany undergraduate students find that their samples of sample masters entries in entrance essays are not that helpful in order to make them succeed in their project. You may have already noticed the reason why these are bad help for your success in the class. Here are some considerations that will lead you to get a better help for sample master's essay.First, you should pay more attention to the information that you are reading. Remember that since you will be the one taking the exam, you should be paying more attention on the contents and structures of the papers. Therefore, make sure that you read closely before you decide to get the help of the sample masters.Second, take note that the sample master's entry in your writing are only meant to show you the meaning of some terms that you have to learn at the school. However, it does not mean that you cannot work on your research and learning skills during your studies. These entry examples in essay samples are not only meant to provide the information that you need to get through the entrance exams but also for your support.Third, if you plan to get better information about the entries in the essay samples, try to read all the information of the sample. You should also be able to make the most out of the information. The entries that you find on the sample master thesis are not always true because there may be some definitions that you cannot understand or they are not in proper proportion. As a result, you should pay more attention on the meaning of these entries.Fourth, even if you have been convinced that the sample master's entry is true, you should still look for a little bit of different opinions from other people. The reason why you should not use the entry for your essay is that there are several inconsistencies and irregularities on the entries. You should not make use of the samples, because these are usually not based on real situations. Fifth, the entries are just meant to provide the information that you need for your entrance essay. They are not meant to be an argument or reasoning. Therefore, you should not include those entries in your essay because it would distract you from your main objective of learning the thesis.Sixth, if you want to gain more knowledge about the sample masters, you should try to find a little bit of alternative opinions. There are some people who do not believe the information that is found in the sample. However, you should keep in mind that there are lots of professionals who are able to give their honest opinion about the samples because they are practicing these skills in their own thesis.With these pointers, you will be able to make use of the sample masters in your entrance essay. However, you should still pay more attention to the information that you need in order to make sure that you will be able to get the success that you want.

Intergroup Conflicts in Organisations

Intergroup Conflict in Organizations In order to have order and efficiency, an organization groups work duties into different departments then staffs the department. The organization has an overall mission and strategy while the departments have their specific goals which all lead to profit-making. As the people interact in the different departments interact, there will arise conflict due to different reasons.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Intergroup Conflicts in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It could be cultural differences, inadequate resources or goal incompatibility. The top management can use two main methods to deal with the conflict. It can either use the rational or political approach. In using a political approach, the management has to understand the different kinds of power, the sources of power and the impact they have on the employees. Conflict within an organization is a common occurrence. As some degree of conflict occurs in all relationships involving people, these forces must be managed to achieve results properly aligned with the desired outcomes of the organization. This paper will examine the nature of intergroup conflict and how power and politics are applied in order to resolve conflict and attain organizational goal. Competition and Conflict There is a difference between conflict and competition in the organization. Conflict adversely affects the productivity of the workers and the ultimate bottom line of the company. It is not healthy at all. Competition can be healthy between the different departments as they strive to be the best in order to get rewards and other forms of compensation (Makin, Cooper Cox, 1996, p. 233). However where competition goes too far to instill prejudices, negative attitudes, biases and stereotyping then the competition has become unhealthy and it should be addressed by management. Sources of Intergroup Conflict Goal Incompatibility This is where the goals of one department are in conflict with the goals of another department. Goal incompatibility ends up leading to hostility, stereotyping behaviour, biases and prejudiced behaviour (Gallinsky, 2002). The marketing department wants to use financial resources to run promotions and other advertising campaigns while the finance department is concerned with cutting costs. This causes a lot of conflict as the marketing manager seeks to have his quarterly operational budget while the finance manager tells him that the costs are too high and to look for cheaper alternatives. The marketing department may also get into conflict with the manufacturing department.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The marketing manager wants a diverse variety of goods to satisfy customer wants. He also wants new products and existing products to be produ ced quickly and taken to distribution points. However all these mean manufacturing costs for the manufacturing department and reaching a compromise may prove to be a difficult task. Differentiation Another source of conflict is the differences in the cognitive and emotional orientations of the different staff in the organisation. When it comes to work, different departments may have different deadlines for the completion of the work. One department may be constrained by time and experience a lot of time pressure while another group does not have any time constraints. This causes conflict as one group feels rushed while another feels that the other group is dragging its feet or delaying them. When it comes to negotiating for resources and other needs, one department may be at a higher status in terms of the revenue they bring to the organisation. This causes inequality at the negotiating table. Each of the groups has different esteem needs. There could also be differences in the info rmation that different departments have causing conflict (Spoelstra Pienaa, 1991, p. 191). Where one department does not have the correct or the latest information it causes misunderstandings. There are certain groups who have higher expertise than others in certain areas causing conflict. Cultural differences are other thorny issues. In an organisation with no training on embracing cultural diversity, there will be problems. People will not understand other people’s values, habits and attitudes in life. People tend to distrust people who are different from them (Gallinsky, 2002) Where there are mergers, it is difficult to merge the old staff and new staff work values, culture and ethics. Organisations are great at aligning the production and financial structures however integrating organisational values prove to be difficult.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Intergroup Conflicts in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $ 11/page Learn More There is also the challenge of personality differences. The marketing manager may be highly outgoing with a friendly, warm personality while the scientist is a bit reserved and withdrawn. There will arise conflict where one feels the other is invading his space while the one feels that the other is a bit cold and detached Task Interdependence The conflict occurs since one department has to rely on another in order to complete its work. There are very few cases where there is pooled interdependence. This refers to the situation where a department does not rely on another department to conduct and accomplish its tasks (Rahim, 2010, p. 150) Conflict occurs in several ways. It may be that work is done in sequential fashion. One group does its work then it passes the work to another group to continue with the second step. Therefore the output of one group serves as the input of another group (Spoelstra Pienaa, 1991, p. 189). If one group feels that it i s receiving poor quality work or the work is always late, conflict arises. This is usually the type of task interdependence present in a manufacturing plant. The product needs to be assembled first before it is considered for paint work. Multiple departments may also be giving input to one group so information is being sourced from different sources. A good example of this is in the operating theatre. There is need of one single input from the nurses, technicians, surgeons and anaesthetists. Limited Resources Conflict may arise where there are inadequate resources. This is a major source of conflict since the members end up feeling others are preferred over them (Rahim, 2010, p. 150) Each department may want a larger share of the office space, equipment, manpower or human resources. Where there are limited resources it ends up with one group winning while another one loses (Spoelstra Pienaa, 1991, p. 190). In an organisation, the department that gets access to certain resources may appear to be prestigious or influential or powerful. Scarce resources may lead managers to commit unethical actions such as inflating the departmental budget in order to gain access to higher financial resources. Other managers may opt to work behind the scenes to ensure their department gets certain resources. This causes managers to fight and have conflict and people end up taking sides against another.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Political and the Rational Model in Solving Intergroup Conflicts The approach that will be used to solve the conflict will depend on the degree of goal incompatibility, differentiation, task interdependence and limited resources. A political approach is used where the degree of the mentioned variables are high. Power and influence are used to solve conflicts. Where the conflict is not high, the management will be able to use a rational approach. Politics can be defined as the use of power to achieve certain results or outcomes. Power and Authority Power is the ability of an individual to influence others or the decision making process in an organisation. Authority refers to the role that has been conferred upon the individual by the organisation in terms of duties and responsibilities. An individual may be placed as the operations manager while another is under him as the operations officer. Power is different from authority in several ways. Authority is different because it is conferred by the organisational structure. It mostly flows vertically, from the managers to the subordinates (Shukla, 2004, p. 109). Power however has certain aspects that enable the staff and departments to experience it horizontally. Authority comes from the position or role that one plays in the organisation. Subordinates also respond very well to authority rather than power. They are more likely to be concerned with the orders the bosses have given out rather than listen to people or departments that are deemed to be powerful in the organisation. Vertical Sources of Power Formal Position: This comes from the position an individual occupies in the organisation. A person at the top will have certain rights, responsibilities due to the position he occupies. This is seen by many to be a legitimate source of power since it is power that has been given formally by the owners or board of the company. Financial Resources: In this form of vertical power it mainly rests with the top manag ers as they are the ones who decide how the resources will be distributed. Top management are the ones who decide the reward compensation programs, the bonuses and even the salary increases. The subordinates realise this and they do their best not to make any manager angry or disappointed in their work so that they can get the resources that they need. Control of decision premises: The manager who is able to restrict the flow of information to those who are lower than him has a lot of power. If he is the one preparing the minutes he knows how to structure the agenda to suit his needs Empowerment This is where the management shares power with the other staff in the organisations (Nelson Campbell, 2004, p. 226). They give them opportunities to gain skills and expertise in order to participate in decision making of the organisation. It gives the employees a chance to prove themselves. They become more self-confident. They are also highly motivated to work for the organisation since th ey are being trusted to make decisions and their skills and talents are being used. The three stages of empowerment for the employees is job meaning, self-determination, competence and having an impact in the organisation. Horizontal Sources of Power Horizontal power is not achieved through a hierarchical system in the organisation. Some departments have more say than others in accordance to the financial contribution they make to the organisation. The sales and marketing teams bring in more money so they are valued or are more powerful. There are events or occurrences that strengthen a department’s position within an organisation. A manager therefore needs to be strategic when charting his activities and events for the year. If he ends up leading the organisation to address a growing need within the organisation or he helps the organisation deal with an emerging challenge outside the organisation, his departmental power will grow. There events or activities have come to be k nown as strategic congruencies. Dependency : In an organisation the department that relies on another department for information, knowledge, materials or any other outputs finds itself vulnerable. However the department that is being relied on by over five departments finds itself in a very powerful position. Financial Resources: This is another source of power. In a business it is all about achieving the bottom line or making a profit. The department that is deemed to be steering the organisation towards such a goal is deemed to be powerful. The management does everything to ensure that the organisation gets what it needs in terms of financial and non-financial resources. For these departments even in times of scarcity of resources they find themselves having most of the resources they need. They have a higher priority over other departments when it comes to the distribution of these resources. With these scarce resources that they are given they make even more profit. Centrality: This brings in the issue of support staff and operations staff. The operational departments such as production are seen to be contributing directly to the firms total output. Other support staff such as human resources may be seen not to be contributing directly to the firm’s primary output and eventually to the firm’s bottom line. Those departments with direct staff or operations staff are more powerful. Their requests are heard fully before other departments can really lay out their issues. One of the ways of recognising the central departments is their relationship to the organisational strategy (Shukla, 2004, p. 112) Non-substitutability: This comes in where there are certain staffs in the organisation that cannot be easily replaced. There is no one else with the level of skills and expertise that they possess. This gives them power. It could be an individual or a whole department. The organisation will find itself seeking for third party services or expertise when the individual is on leave or he leaves the organisation suddenly either through dismissal or resignation. Coping with uncertainty. Another source of power is when a department handles the aspect of uncertainty well. The truth is that in an organisation there will always be uncertainty to some extent on market sales, promotions and other interactions with the external environment. A department that therefore assists the organisation to deal with uncertainty is perceived to be very powerful. Managers should therefore strive to take advantage of these strategic congruencies. Organisational Politics Appropriate use: There are certain dangers of using politics to resolve conflict in the organisation. First of all, it often involves the use of deceptive or dishonesty. It usually causes even further conflict aggravating the existing tense feelings. Most people feel anxious, insecure and nervous in a working environment where there is a lot of conflict. It also increases the level of job dissatisfaction and may lead to certain levels of employee turnover. In this environment, the staff will exhibit low work morale, inferior outlook, low quality of work results and errors. There will be poor decisions made as people seek self-satisfaction showing a deviation in the staff from achieving team work and the organisational goals. However politics can be used positively in the organisation where this form of power is not abused. The proper and acceptable use and view of politics is where it is used as a tool for the bargaining and negotiating of rights and tasks in the organisation. In this way it helps to solve conflicts and equips staff in negotiation and decision making skills. Domains of Political Activity Structural Change and Management Succession Political power may be implemented through structural change in the organisation. It may occur in diverse ways. The management may change the responsibilities or tasks of certain individuals. This is where the managers will be found in meetings negotiating and striving to be heard so that they can maintain the responsibilities and roles that they had before. The organisation’s staff may experience a high level of transfers, promotions, dismissals or retrenchments and hiring of new staff (Rahim, 2010, p. 155). This occurs mostly at the top management level. To provide a buffer for themselves managers usually engage in informal networks for support, communication and cooperation is required for survival. Members in the different departments can even be exchanged so as to reduce the level of intergroup bias and attitudes. It will create understanding as staff experiences the challenges that other staff in other groups experience. The methods of communication within the organisation can even be altered so as to find a medium that gives clearer communication between the groups. Resource Allocation Political power may also be demonstrated by the degree of resources allocated to staff or groups. When speaking of resources it includes a wide range of resources such as employees or manpower, salaries, office equipment and operating budgets. In an organisation there are groups that will be given more resources than others. The discrepancies in the degree of resources given to different departments increase the tendency towards disharmony in an organisation (Alderfer Smith, 1982) Power is also vested in departments that control critical inputs for other departments in the processing process (Shukla, 2004, p. 114) Political Tactics for Using Power There are different tactics that managers use to get what they want. The use of power where there is intergroup conflicts requires the manager to be skilful or even sly. Lack of preparedness may cause him or her not to accomplish their goal. Building of coalitions: In order for a manager to be able to use this strategy, he must have a high level of interpersonal skills. To build a coalition does not happen in a formal environment, most of the time it occurs in informal meetings. Building the social networks assists the managers to accomplish certain tasks (Boyatzis, 1982, p. 122). Before a major meeting, the manager engages other managers either in one on one session or in hurdles of threes in order to convince them to see and advocate for his point of view. The manager must be perceived to be acting in the best interests of other managers and the organisation as a whole. The foundation set by the manager should be one of trust, mutual respect and harmony. Expansion of Networks: A second strategy that the manager may use is to work towards expanding the size of his network. This is where an individual either seeks out relationships with other new managers or gets a way of getting the managers who are not sympathetic to his side. The organisation opts to transfer or promote individuals to come to strategic positions so that they can fight for the departmental access to certain resources or privileges. There is also th e approach of bringing people who are against the system closer to management so as to win their support. A good example is where there are certain managers against the promotion and salary system in the organisation. In order to get their support the management promotes the managers and brings them to be in the committee. This way they can see the challenges involved in the administration of the promotion and salary policies and appreciate the approach the organisation in order to achieve balance and harmony. This is known as â€Å"modelling† the desired behaviour for the staff so that the top management is able to accomplish its task with the staff support (Boyatzis, 1982, p. 122) The Control of decision premises: In this political tactic, the manager may choose not to reveal all the information to the other managers so as to influence them to do what he wants. Similarly, he may only tell the other managers the favourable information concerning his department and hide other negative information that will not help him achieve the results that he wants. This method of control of decision premises actually refers to the act of restraining or constraining the boundaries of decision making which is what the manager is doing by giving selective information. The manager is affecting the foundation of decision making which is access to information (Gareth, 1997, p. 165). A university department while campaigning for additional resources will emphasize its growth in recent time periods. Another strategy is in manipulating the agenda during meetings. Items that the manager wants to receive crucial attention will be placed will be discussed early when the other managers have a lot of energy to discuss and give their contribution. Other items that are deemed to be less crucial at that time are placed at the end of the meeting when the people are tired and in a hurry to leave since the attention given to them will be obviously low. The manager may also choose to c all attention to certain items in the agenda and even offer viable alternatives so that he can kick off a discussion. Use of legitimacy and expertise: In an organisation there are those managers who are known to be experts in certain fields. In this strategy, the manager will seek to give other managers his requests relevant to his area of expertise. Due to his recognition in that domain, the other managers will agree to his request quickly. If the request involves some area that is a bit too complex, the manager can choose to involve third party professional or technical experts in order to increase the weight of his request in his favour. In other scenarios, change in an organisation is most of the time resisted by the established systems in the organisation for a long time. The management can use politics to remove these people in order to institute the changes that they desire (Shukla, 2004, p. 111) Balancing preferences and power: the manager cannot afford to be silent since hi s department will not get the support and resources that are needed. The managers should use power implicitly, wisely or slyly and make his requests explicitly. There are requests that are usually considered in an organisation because there were no other viable alternatives suggested by other managers. Other manager’s suggestions could have missed selection and appropriate discussion simply because the requests were ambiguous, unclear and confusing. One should be clear about his requests in meetings. The manager has to take a risk and speak out. Managers are in a position to influence the agenda of meetings (Shukla, 2004, p. 110) Power should never be announced. It leaves a bad taste in the mouth. People in the organisation know the departments and individuals who are powerful. If a manager draws undue attention to the power or say he has, other managers will not support him as they will find him to be self-seeking or selfish. Managers must therefore balance the rational and political nature of their work. They should use politics positively to achieve desired goals. Conclusion There are different ways in which intergroup conflicts can be resolved however the use of political power should be used with caution due to the precarious side effects it may have. There has to be a balance. Political power is a great tool for managers to solve intergroup conflicts that will usually be there in any organisation. References Boyatzis, R. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance.  New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Daft, R., Murphy, J., Willmott, H. (2010).  Organization theory and design. Boston,  MA: Cengage Learning. Galinsky, A. (2002). Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting out-group evaluations. Volume of Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 4, 85–113. van Gelder, C. (2007). Defining the issues related to power and authority in religious leadership Journal of Religious Lea dership, 6(2). Retrieved from https://arl-jrl.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Van-Gelder-Defining-the-Issues-2007-Fall.pdf Makin, P., Cooper, C., Cox, C. (1996).  Organizations and the psychological  contract: Managing people at work. Westpost, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Morgan, G. (1998). Images of organization. San Francisco, CA:  Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Nelson, D., Campbell, J. (2004).  Quick understanding organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South Western College Publishers. Rahim, M. (2001). Managing conflict in organizations (3rd ed.).  Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Shukla, M. (2004).  Understanding organizations: Organizational theory and  practice in Indi. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall. Spoelstra, H., Pienaa, W. (1991).  Negotiation: Theories, strategies and skills. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta Academic. This research paper on Intergroup Conflicts in Organisations was written and submitted by user Amber K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Find and Use AP Score Calculators

How to Find and Use AP Score Calculators SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the best way to use AP score calculators? In this post we will discuss how to get the most out of them – and when you shouldn’t use them at all. Where Do I Get an AP Score Calculator? Before we talk about the best ways to use score calculators, you need to learn where to find one for your particular AP class! Each AP test uses a different scoring system. There are no â€Å"official† AP score calculators released by College Board, so teachers and test prep companies have to make their own. To get an AP score calculator, first talk to your teacher – AP teachers often have a formula they use for grading practice tests. If your teacher doesn't have one or you're self-studying, get a prep book for your AP class. Prep books written for individual tests will always have a score calculator. Finally, look online – many websites have approximate score calculators you can use for each AP class. A word of caution: all score calculators are approximations since the scaling of an AP test changes year to year to keep the difficulty level the same. For example, 100 points could be enough for a 5 one year, but in the next year it would only get a 4. We’ll talk about how to compensate for that below. Our Calculator Example: AP English Language and Composition Throughout this post we’ll be using AP English Language and Composition as an example as we talk about score calculators. It’s the most popular AP test currently. Over 500,000 students took it in 2014! There are 55 possible multiple choice points (1 point per question) worth 45% of your score, and 3 essays (worth 9 points each) for 27 possible points worth 55% of your score. This is the calculator we are using: (Multiple Choice Score x 1.23) + (Essays x 3.05) = Total Score That total score is translated to the final composite AP score of 1-5 like so: 5: 104-150 4: 92-103 3: 76-91 2: 50-75 1: 0-49 It seems a bit complicated, but once you get used to the formula it’s easy to use, and it can help you design a target score for the AP test. Using this calculator, we'll now explore the do's and don'ts of using AP score calculators. Do’s Of Using Score Calculators Grade Your Practice Exams With Them We highly recommend taking the extra step of grading any practice AP tests you take. Getting a predicted 1-5 AP score is a great way to get a snapshot of how you’re shaping up to do on the test. So instead of just getting a free response and multiple choice raw score, you can put those scores in context and get an idea of how much they need to improve before exam day. To use AP English as an example, if you took a practice exam and got a 30/55 on multiple choice and 12/27 on the essays, you might be discouraged. But using the calculator, you find you get a final score of 73 – which is just a few points away from passing! Which isn’t so shabby for a practice test. So instead of feeling disappointed, you can figure out exactly how much you need to improve to pass your next practice test. You can also get a sense of how much score improvements will help you. To use our example, you might realize â€Å"If I go from a 4 to a 6 on all my essays, I could not only pass, but get a 4 overall!† (If you got 30/55 on multiple choice and 18/27 on the essays, you would get a total score of 92, which would just barely get you a 4.) This helps you create manageable improvement goals. Remember, you don’t need to get every single point on an AP test to get a 5. And you certainly don't need every single point to pass. Come Up With a Detailed Target Score AP score calculators allow you to understand both the multiple choice and free response scores you need for certain final AP scores. This can help you decide where to focus your studying efforts. You might go for all-around improvement, or you could target your studying on just the free response or multiple choice. On AP English Language, if you’re going for a 5, you could go for near-perfect essays and have more wiggle room on multiple choice, or go for nearly-perfect multile choice and aim for middle-of-the-road essays. For example, if you get 8s on all your essays and 35/55 on multiple choice, you would get a 5 total score, which is pretty comfortably a 5. On the flipside, if you got 6s on your essays and 50/55 on multiple choice, you would also get a 5 total score. This allows you to play to your strengths on the AP exam and not overwhelm yourself trying to be perfect at everything. If you're a strong writer, you could aim for 8s on your essays and not worry about making your multiple choice score perfect. Or if you're great at taking multiple choice tests, you could aim for a 50 on multiple choice and try and make your essays decent. In short, you don't have to burn yourself out if you use a score calculator to set target scores for each section. Go For Consistency Don’t take one practice exam, calculate a 5 using the score calculator, and stop studying. Use the score calculator every time you practice, and make an effort to take at least two or three full-length practice exams before the real thing. Also try your hardest on practice free response questions and multiple choice sections your teacher may assign in class. Why? Especially when it comes to essays, you could be in trouble if you’re hit with an essay that you’re not well-equipped to answer. If you stop studying after you get a 5 on one practice test, you won't be prepared for whatever the AP test throws at you. Only by practicing consistently can you be adequately prepared or whatever questions appear on the AP test. By practicing a lot, you make sure that 5 is all-but-guaranteed, not just a fluke. In short, practice makes perfect – or at least it makes 5s! Don’ts of Using AP Score Calculators Don’t Use Them Too Early in the Year Don't worry about practicing for AP exams in the fall! There is no point in taking and grading a practice AP exam early in the year. That would be like taking a final exam for a class before winter break! You still have a lot to learn, so taking an exam early on would just stress you out. The score calculators are best used to inform you how you’re shaping up to do on the exam, so using them too early will demoralize you. You shouldn’t expect yourself to be able to tackle the AP exam before the first semester is over! Especially on the hardest exams. Wait until the first semester is over before taking practice exams and grading them. Don’t Panic If You Don’t Get the Scores You Want in Practice Even though it can be frustrating to get a 1 or 2 on a practice exam, don't despair. Remember that you’re practicing to find your weak points and improve them. Getting a low score in practice can be good because it shows you mistakes you are apt to make so you can learn from them. Think of it this way: any mistake you make while practicing is one you won’t make on the real thing as long as you study. Even if you get a 1 or a 2 on a practice exam, that doesn’t mean you’re doomed to fail on the real thing. The key is to analyze your mistakes so you can learn from them and improve for the real AP exam. Don’t Assume AP Score Calculators are 100% Accurate Simply put, they’re not! As we discussed above, they can only approximate your real score. Since AP tests are equated each year so scores are consistent, a raw score that’s good enough for a 5 on one exam could only be good enough for a 4 on another. This means when setting target scores, be generous. For example, if you’re going for a 5, don’t just practice for the lowest possible raw score that could work according to your calculator – aim for many points above that! For AP English, we would set the 5 threshold 10 points higher, 4. We would set the passing threshold (a score of 3) at 86 instead of 76. By doing this, we leave wiggle room for year-to-year test scaling differences and unexpected mistakes you might make on the exam. Bottom Line AP Calculators are an excellent tool to help you get the most out of your AP exam practice and set smart target scores. Just beware of using them too early, and don’t let them make you complacent! What’s Next? Learn more about AP: how long exams are, how they’re scored, and how many AP classes you should take. Also studying for the ACT/SAT? Get the latest tips from our expert writers on each section: SAT Math, Reading, and Writing, or ACT English, Math, Reading, and Science. Did you already take the ACT/SAT? Find out if you should retake the exam. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

TLC and WLC Estimation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TLC and WLC Estimation - Research Paper Example The paper discusses the reason as to why LLC method is not included as an estimation method in the evaluation process. The paper will conclude with a summary of all the major points discussed in the paper. Total Life Cost Total Life Cycle Cost pays attention to all the costs that are incurred during the whole entire life of either a product or a service. This will include all the expenses of the product since the inception of the idea, research, and development of the product, distribution and marketing expenses f the particular product. In this case, Butler has to consider all the expenses and costs which will be incurred as a result of outsourcing the products due to the increase in demand. He needs to have done all the calculations and determine whether he option of outsourcing will be the better option and hence worth investing in (Stuart2007) . The head of the supply chain management in the company should calculate all the costs involved in the manufacturing of a single unit f t he product and present the results together with the proposal to the Senior Leadership Team (SLT). Whole Life Cost Whole life cost is one method of estimation that evaluates or compares building materials and building components by focusing at the lifespan f the firm, maintenance and running costs and the installation costs of the firm. The supply chain manager of Blue Jay has to take consideration of whole life Cost before submitting his proposal to the Senior Leadership Team (Abdelhalim 2007). Life Cycle Costing (LCC) In this type of estimation method, there is consideration of acquisition, operating and the disposal costs in all instances where there is evaluation of various alternatives. The supply chain manager of the company (Butler) should not consider LCC method since they have already established the firm and there is no need of establishing another firm. The LCC would only add to the costs of outsourcing and yet they not at all necessary ( Dhillon 1989). There no costs in the operating of the new firm since the operating costs under Life Cycle Costing are incurred during the actual establishment of the firm. Butler should understand that he is not to establish another firm but seek outsourcing services from another firm. The other reason as to why the LCC method of estimation is not included in the calculation is because the costs are included in Total Life costs and there is no need of repeating since they will only add on the costs of outsourcing. Calculations There is a major difference between total life cost and whole life cost whereby the Whole life cost includes all the contents of total life cost and the entire infrastructure which would support the firm, which would include the management of the firm, training and support. The two types of estimation methods are best completed and assessed by cross functional teams from both within and outside the company under consideration so that all aspects of the firm, industry or the business can be ta ken into consideration. Therefore it is necessary for the supply chain manager of the Blue Jay Manufacturing Company to constitute a committee or a team comprising members from both the company and the outsourcing firm so that they can form a cross functional team. The cross functional team would ensure that all the calculations are correct and all the costs are put into consideration so that the best decision can be made. Total Life Cost Cost Amount in $ Acquisition Costs Cost of Due

Marketing ExcellenceAmerican Express Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing ExcellenceAmerican Express - Essay Example Diversification and expansion of services offered- in the 1980s, American Express expanded into a variety of financial categories, which included brokerage services, banking and insurance and acquired companies such as Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb Inc, and E.F Hutton & Co. American Express has also been able to position itself against competition by forging and riding on partnerships by increasing the number of merchants that accepted its cards adding Walmart and developed new card offerings, including co-branded cards. American Express has also been able to partner with numerous banks such MBNA, Citigroup, UBS, and USAA. American Express has changed over time from its initial traditional business of â€Å"Travelers cheques†, in the 19th century, to charge cards in the 1960s, to a variety of financial services which include brokerage services, banking and insurance in the 1980s, to revolutionary credit cards in the 21st century and presently a variety of different personal cards as well as small business and corporate cards. 2. American Express has been able to integrate its business by expanding in other different businesses such as financial services, brokerage and insurance, in 1980s; American Express acquired a number of other companies such as Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb Inc and E.F Hutton & Co. The company has also increased its client base by increasing the number of merchants who accept their cards such as Walmart and developing new card offerings, including cards that are co-branded. American Express further integrated its business in mid-1990s when it re-branded its Small Business Services division as â€Å"OPEN: The Small Business Network†, thus increasing benefits such as flexible payments as well as special offers, partnerships, and resources for small businesses. American Express wanted to reach out to small business owners who primarily are different from people who work for big